از طریق سوراخ در مقابل سطح سطح

در سال های اخیر ، بسته بندی نیمه هادی با افزایش تقاضا برای عملکرد بیشتر ، اندازه کوچکتر و ابزار اضافه شده تکامل یافته است. یک طراحی PCBA مدرن دارای دو روش اصلی برای نصب قطعات بر روی PCB است: نصب و راه اندازی از طریق سوراخ و نصب سطح. نصب و راه اندازی از طریق سوراخ (THM): نصب از طریق سوراخ فرآیندی است که توسط آن منجر به قطعات قطعات در سوراخ های حفر شده بر روی یک PCB لخت قرار می گیرد. این فرایند تا زمان ظهور فناوری سطح سطح (SMT) در دهه 1980 یک روش استاندارد بود ، در این زمان انتظار می رفت که به طور کامل از طریق سوراخ حرکت کند. با این حال ، با وجود افت شدید محبوبیت در طول سالها ، فناوری سوراخ در سن SMT مقاومت مقاومت آمیز را نشان داده است و تعدادی از مزایا و برنامه های کاربردی را ارائه می دهد: یعنی قابلیت اطمینان. اجزای سوراخ از طریق سوراخ بهتر برای محصولات با قابلیت اطمینان بالا که نیاز به اتصالات قوی تر بین لایه ها دارند استفاده می شود. در حالی که اجزای SMT فقط با لحیم روی سطح تخته ایمن می شوند ، اما از طریق مؤلفه از طریق صفحه اجرا می شود و به اجزای آن اجازه می دهد تا در برابر استرس محیطی بیشتری مقاومت کنند. به همین دلیل است که از فناوری سوراخ معمولاً در محصولات نظامی و هوافضا استفاده می شود که ممکن است شتاب های شدید ، برخورد یا درجه حرارت بالا را تجربه کند. فناوری از طریق سوراخ نیز در برنامه های آزمایشی و نمونه سازی مفید است که گاهی اوقات نیاز به تنظیمات دستی و جایگزینی دارند. به طور کلی ، ناپدید شدن کامل از طریق سوراخ از مونتاژ PCB یک تصور غلط گسترده است. با استفاده از موارد فوق برای فناوری سوراخ ، همیشه باید عوامل در دسترس بودن و هزینه را در نظر داشته باشید. همه مؤلفه ها به عنوان بسته های SMD در دسترس نیستند ، و برخی از اجزای درون سوراخ ارزان تر هستند. با این حال ، این واقعیت را نفی نمی کند که ، در یک مرکز مونتاژ مدرن ، از طریق سوراخ یک عمل ثانویه محسوب می شود.

Axial vs. Radial Lead Components There are two types of through-hole components: axial and radial lead components. Axial leads run through a component in a straight line ("axially"), with each end of the lead wire exiting the component on either end. Both ends are then placed through two separate holes in the board, allowing the component to fit closer, flatter fit. Radial lead components, on the other hand, protrude from the board, as its leads are located on one side of the component. Both through-hole component types are "twin" lead components, and both have their distinct advantages. While axial lead components are used for their snugness to the board, radial leads occupy less surface area, making them better for high density boards. Generally, axial lead configuration may come in the form of carbon resistors, electrolytic capacitors, fuses, and light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Radial lead components are available as ceramic disk capacitors. Advantages: THM provides stronger mechanical bonds than SMT, making through-hole ideal for components that might undergo mechanical stress, such as coectors or transformers. Good for test and prototyping. Disadvantages: On the bare PCB side, THM requires the drilling holes, which is expensive and time consuming. THM also limits the available routing area on any multilayer boards, because the drilled holes must pass through all the PCB’s layers. On the assembly side, component placement rates for THM are a fraction of surface mount placement rates, making THM prohibitively expensive. Further, THM requires the use of wave, selective, or hand-soldering techniques, which are much less reliable and repeatable than reflow ovens used for surface mount. Most of all, through-hole technology requires soldering on both sides of the board, as opposed to surface-mounts, which only (for the most part) require attention to one side of the board. Surface Mount Technology (SMT): SMT the process by which components are mounted directly onto the surface of the PCB. Known originally as “planar mounting,” the method was developed in the 1960s and has grown increasingly popular since the 1980s. Nowadays, virtually all electronic hardware is manufactured using SMT. It has become essential to PCB design and manufacturing, having improved the quality and performance of PCBs overall, and has reduced the costs of processing and handling greatly. The key differences between SMT and through-hole mounting are (a) SMT does not require holes to be drilled through a PCB, (b) SMT components are much smaller, and (c) SMT components can be mounted on both side of the board. The ability to fit a high number of small components on a PCB has allowed for much denser, higher performing, and smaller PCBs. Through-hole component leads, which run through the board and coect a board’s layers, have been replaced by "vias" -- small components which allow a conductive coection between the different layers of a PCB, and which essentially act as through-hole leads. Some surface mount components like BGAs are higher performing components with shorter leads and more intercoection pins that allow for higher speeds. Nomenclature There are perhaps too many terms that describe different aspects of surface mount technology. Here’s what they mean: SMA (surface-mount assembly) a build or module assembled using SMT. SMC (surface-mount components) components for SMT. SMD (surface-mount devices) active, passive, and electromechanical components. SME (surface-mount equipment) machines used for SMT. SMP (surface mount packages) SMD case forms. SMT (surface-technology) the act and method of assembling and mounting electronic technology. Common of Surface Mount Devices (SMDs) The taxonomy of surface mount devices (SMDs) is so expansive and ever-changing that covering it in full would be impossible. But here are several types that are very common and very important to know. MELF (Metal Electrode Face Bonded) : Consisting of two terminals bonded to a cylindrical body, these SMD components are less expensive than flat chips but require special handing during assembly. Furthermore, one of their biggest disadvantages is their tendency to roll off solder pads during assembly. Generally speaking, they come in the form of diodes, resistors, and capacitors. SOT Transistors and Diodes : These are usually rectangular and easy to place, though they're a bit outdated. The most common SOTs are SOT 23, SOT 89, SOT 143, and SOT 223. Its most common packaging is tape & reel. Integrated Circuits (ICs) : Small outline Integrated Circuit (SOIC) These are good SMT alteatives to the duel in-line package (DIP), due to their dramatically reduced size. In general, they take up 30 50% less space and 70% less thickness than an average DIP. Thin Small Outline Package (TSOP) TSOPs are low profile packages with fine-pitch leads. TSOPs are typically meant to accommodate large silicon chips in high density packages (RAM or flash memory ICs), largely because of their low volume/high pin count. Quad Flat Pack (QFN) QFNs are high lead count packages (44 304). Its leads are typically gull wing. There are many kinds of QFNs, and they are one of the most common surface-mount ICs. Plastic Leaded Chip Carrier (PLCC) - Coections are made on all four edges of a square package with a relatively high pin count. PLCCs can have roughly 18 100 leads (usually J-leads). Many of them can fit into IC sockets and can be easily replaced in the field. PLCCs have long been a popular option. Lead-less Chip Carrier (LCC) Not to be confused with PLCC, LCCs have no leads . Rather, LCCs are soldered directly onto PCBs by their (castellation) solder pads. These are usually designed for Mil Spec because, with no leads to damage, they're quite "rugged." LCCs are great for high temperature and aerospace applications. Pin Grid Array (PGA) PGAs are typically square or rectangular, with pins arranged undeeath the package. They're design was highly influential on the now ubiquitous BGA. Flip Chip Flip chips are bare die packages, with small bottom-side solder bumps that act as leads. They are soldered directly onto the PCB. Ball Grid Array (BGA) BGAs are perhaps one of the best performing SMT packages in use today, due to their high densities. The BGA is a descendent of the PGA, yet instead of pins, it has solder balls that can be placed directly onto the PCB. Because of their high density, BGAs are typically used to house microprocessors. Advantages: SMT allows for smaller PCB size, higher component density, and more real estate to work with. Because fewer drilling holes are required, SMT allows for lower cost and faster production time. During assembly, SMT components can be placed at rates of thousands—even tens of thousands—of placements per hour, versus less than a thousand for THM. Solder joint formation is much more reliable and repeatable using programmed reflow ovens versus through techniques. SMT has proven to be more stable and better performing in shake and vibration conditions. Disadvantages: SMT can be unreliable when used as the sole attachment method for components subject to mechanical stress (i.e. exteal devices that are frequently attached or detached). Overall, surface mounting will almost always prove more efficient and cost-effective than through-hole mounting. It is used in more than 90 percent of PCBAs today. However, special mechanical, electrical, and thermal considerations will continue to require THM, keeping it relevant well into the future.